DEUTSCH

Helmuth Haak

Department Climate Variability
Group Director's Research Group (CVR)
Position Scientific Programmer
phone +49 40 41173-367
Email helmuth.haak@mpimet.mpg.de
Room B 228

Publications

  • Bishnoi, A., Stein, O., Meyer, C., Redler, R., Eicker, N., Haak, H., Hoffmann, L., Klocke, D., Kornblueh, L. & Suarez, E. (2024). Earth system modeling on modular supercomputing architecture: coupled atmosphere-ocean simulations with ICON 2.6.6-rc. Geoscientific Model Development, 17, 261-273. doi:10.5194/gmd-17-261-2024 [publisher-version]
  • Hohenegger, C., Korn, P., Linardakis, L., Redler, R., Schnur, R., Adamidis, P., Bao, J., Bastin, S., Behravesh, M., Bergemann, M., Biercamp, J., Bockelmann, H., Brokopf, R., Brüggemann, N., Casaroli, L., Chegini, F., Datseris, G., Esch, M., George, G., Giorgetta, M., Gutjahr, O., Haak, H., Hanke, M., Ilyina, T., Jahns, T., Jungclaus, J., Kern, M., Klocke, D., Kluft, L., Kölling, T., Kornblueh, L., Kosukhin, S., Kroll, C., Lee, J., Mauritsen, T., Mehlmann, C., Mieslinger, T., Naumann, A., Paccini, L., Peinado, A., Praturi, D., Putrasahan, D., Rast, S., Riddick, T., Roeber, N., Schmidt, H., Schulzweida, U., Schütte, F., Segura, H., Shevchenko, R., Singh, V., Specht, M., Stephan, C., von Storch, J., Vogel, R., Wengel, C., Winkler, M., Ziemen, F., Marotzke, J. & Stevens, B. (2023). ICON-Sapphire: simulating the components of the Earth System and their interactions at kilometer and subkilometer scales. Geoscientific Model Development, 16, 779-811. doi:10.5194/gmd-16-779-2023 [publisher-version]
  • Jackson, L., Alastrué de Asenjo, E., Bellomo, K., Danabasoglu, G., Haak, H., Hu, A., Jungclaus, J., Lee, W., Meccia, V., Saenko, O., Shao, A. & Swingedouw, D. (2023). Understanding AMOC stability: the North Atlantic Hosing Model Intercomparison Project. Geoscientific Model Development, 16, 1975-1995. doi:10.5194/gmd-16-1975-2023 [publisher-version]
  • von Storch, J.-S., Hertwig, E., Lüschow, V., Brüggemann, N., Haak, H., Korn, P. & Singh, V. (2023). Open-ocean tides simulated by ICON-O. Geoscientific Model Development, 16, 5179-5196. doi:10.5194/gmd-16-5179-2023 [supplementary-material][publisher-version][any-fulltext]
  • Gutjahr, O., Jungclaus, J., Brüggemann , N., Haak, H. & Marotzke, J. (2022). Air-sea interactions and water mass transformation during a katabatic storm in the Irminger Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 127: e2021JC018075. doi:10.1029/2021JC018075 [publisher-version][supplementary-material]
  • Jungclaus, J., Lorenz, S., Schmidt, H., Brovkin, V., Brüggemann, N., Chegini, F., Crueger, T., de Vrese, P., Gayler, V., Giorgetta, M., Gutjahr, O., Haak, H., Hagemann , S., Hanke, M., Ilyina, T., Korn, P., Kröger, J., Linardakis, L., Mehlmann, C., Mikolajewicz, U., Müller, W., Nabel, J., Notz, D., Pohlmann, H., Putrasahan, D., Raddatz, T., Ramme, L., Redler, R., Reick, C., Riddick, T., Sam, T., Schneck, R., Schnur, R., Schupfner, M., von Storch, J.-S., Wachsmann, F., Wieners, K.-H., Ziemen, F., Stevens, B., Marotzke, J. & Claussen, M. (2022). The ICON Earth System Model Version 1.0. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 14: e2021MS002813. doi:10.1029/2021MS002813 [publisher-version]
  • Korn, P., Brüggemann, N., Jungclaus, J., Lorenz, S., Gutjahr, O., Haak, H., Linardakis, L., Mehlmann, C., Mikolajewicz, U., Notz, D., Putrasahan, D., Singh, V., von Storch, J.-S., Zhu , X. & Marotzke, J. (2022). ICON-O: The Ocean Component of the ICON Earth System Model - Global simulation characteristics and local telescoping capability. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 14: e2021MS002952. doi:10.1029/2021MS002952 [publisher-version]
  • Mauritsen, T., Redler, R., Esch, M., Stevens, B., Hohenegger, C., Klocke, D., Brokopf, R., Haak, H., Linardakis, L., Röber, N. & Schnur, R. (2022). Early development and tuning of a global coupled cloud resolving model, and its fast response to increasing CO2. Tellus Series A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography, 74, 346-363 . doi:10.16993/tellusa.54 [publisher-version]
  • Zhang, X., Ojha, S., Köhl, A., Haak, H., Jungclaus, J. & Stammer, D. (2022). Sea level changes mechanisms in the MPI-ESM under FAFMIP forcing conditions. Climate Dynamics, 59, 2619-2641. doi:10.1007/s00382-022-06231-2 [publisher-version]
  • Couldrey, M., Gregory, J., Boeira Dias, F., Dobrohotoff, P., Domingues, C., Garuba, O., Griffies, S., Haak, H., Hu, A., Ishii, M., Jungclaus, J., Köhl, A., Marsland, S., Ojha, S., Saenko, O., Savita, A., Shao, A., Stammer, D., Suzuki, T., Todd, A. & Zanna, L. (2021). What causes the spread of model projections of ocean dynamic sea-level change in response to greenhouse gas forcing?. Climate Dynamics, 56, 155-187. doi:10.1007/s00382-020-05471-4 [publisher-version]
  • Fröhlich, K., Dobrynin, M., Isensee, K., Gessner, C., Paxian, A., Pohlmann, H., Haak, H., Brune, S., Früh, B. & Baehr, J. (2021). The German Climate Forecast System: GCFS. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 13: e2020MS002101. doi:10.1029/2020MS002101 [publisher-version]
  • Gutjahr, O., Brüggemann , N., Haak, H., Jungclaus, J., Putrasahan, D., Lohmann, K. & von Storch, J.-S. (2021). Comparison of ocean vertical mixing schemes in the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM1.2). Geoscientific Model Development, 14, 2317-2349. doi:10.5194/gmd-14-2317-2021 [supplementary-material][publisher-version]
  • Lohmann, K., Putrasahan, D., von Storch, J.-S., Gutjahr, O., Jungclaus, J. & Haak, H. (2021). Response of northern North Atlantic and Atlantic meridional overturning circulation to reduced and enhanced wind stress forcing. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 126: e2021JC017902. doi:10.1029/2021JC017902 [supplementary-material][publisher-version]
  • Putrasahan, D., Gutjahr, O., Haak, H., Jungclaus, J., Lohmann, K., Roberts, M. & von Storch, J.-S. (2021). Effect of resolving ocean eddies on the transient response of global mean surface temperature to abrupt 4xCO2 forcing. Geophysical Research Letters, 48: e2020GL092049. doi:10.1029/2020GL092049 [any-fulltext][supplementary-material][publisher-version]
  • Koul, V., Tesdal, J.-E., Bersch, M., Hátún, H., Brune, S., Borchert, L., Haak, H., Schrum, C. & Baehr, J. (2020). Unraveling the choice of the north Atlantic subpolar gyre index. Scientific Reports, 10: 1005. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-57790-5 [publisher-version]
  • Gutjahr, O., Putrasahan, D., Lohmann, K., Jungclaus, J., von Storch, J.-S., Brüggemann , N., Haak, H. & Stoessel, A. (2019). Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM1.2) for High-Resolution Model Intercomparison Project (HighResMIP). Geoscientific Model Development, 12, 3241-3281. doi:10.5194/gmd-12-3241-2019 [publisher-version]
  • Mauritsen, T., Bader, J., Becker, T., Behrens, J., Bittner, M., Brokopf, R., Brovkin, V., Claussen, M., Crueger, T., Esch, M., Fast, I., Fiedler, S., Popke, D., Gayler, V., Giorgetta, M., Goll, D., Haak, H., Hagemann, S., Hedemann, C., Hohenegger, C., Ilyina, T., Jahns, T., Jiménez de la Cuesta Otero, D., Jungclaus, J., Kleinen, T., Kloster, S., Kracher, D., Kinne, S., Kleberg, D., Lasslop, G., Kornblueh, L., Marotzke, J., Matei, D., Meraner, K., Mikolajewicz, U., Modali, K., Möbis, B., Müller, W., Nabel, J., Nam, C., Notz, D., Nyawira, S., Paulsen, H., Peters, K., Pincus, R., Pohlmann, H., Pongratz, J., Popp, M., Raddatz, T., Rast, S., Redler, R., Reick, C., Rohrschneider, T., Schemann, V., Schmidt, H., Schnur, R., Schulzweida, U., Six, K., Stein, L., Stemmler, I., Stevens, B., von Storch, J.-S., Tian, F., Voigt, A., de Vrese, P., Wieners, K.-H., Wilkenskjeld, S., Roeckner, E. & Winkler, A. (2019). Developments in the MPI-M Earth System Model version 1.2 (MPI-ESM1.2) and its response to increasing CO2. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11, 998-1038. doi:10.1029/2018MS001400 [publisher-version]
  • Putrasahan, D., Lohmann, K., von Storch, J.-S., Jungclaus, J., Gutjahr, O. & Haak, H. (2019). Surface flux drivers for the slowdown of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in a high resolution global coupled climate model. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11, 1349-1363. doi:10.1029/2018MS001447 [supplementary-material][publisher-version]
  • Kaminski, T., Kauker, F., Toudal Pedersen, L., Voßbeck, M., Haak, H., Niederdrenk, L., Hendricks, S., Ricker, R., Karcher, M., Eicken, H. & Gråbak, O. (2018). Arctic mission benefit analysis: Impact of sea ice thickness, freeboard, and snow depth products on sea ice forecast performance. The Cryosphere, 12, 2569-2594. doi:10.5194/tc-2017-249 [publisher-version]
  • Müller, W., Jungclaus, J., Mauritsen, T., Baehr, J., Bittner, M., Budich, R., Bunzel, F., Esch, M., Ghosh, R., Haak, H., Ilyina, T., Kleinen, T., Kornblueh, L., Li, H., Modali, K., Notz, D., Pohlmann, H., Roeckner, E., Stemmler, I., Tian, F. & Marotzke, J. (2018). A higher-resolution version of the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM 1.2 - HR). Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 10, 1383 -1413. doi:10.1029/2017MS001217 [publisher-version]
  • Stössel, A., von Storch, J.-S., Notz, D., Haak, H. & Gerdes, R. (2018). High-frequency and meso-scale winter sea-ice variability in the Southern Oscillation in a high resolution global ocean model. Ocean Dynamics, 68, 347-361. doi:10.1007/s10236-018-1135-y
  • Gregory, J., Bouttes-Mauhourat, N., Griffies, S., Haak, H., Hurlin, W., Jungclaus, J., Kelley, M., Lee, W., Marshall, J., Romanou, A., Saenko, O., Stammer, D. & Winton, M. (2016). The Flux-Anomaly-Forced Model Intercomparison Project (FAFMIP) contribution to CMIP6: Investigation of sea-level and ocean climate change in response to CO2 forcing. Geoscientific Model Development, 9, 3993-4017. doi:10.5194/gmd-9-3993-2016 [publisher-version]
  • Griffies, S., Danabasoglu, G., Durack, P., Adcroft, A., Balaji, V., Böning, C., Chassignet, E., Curchitser, E., Deshayes, J., Drange, H., Fox-Kemper, B., Gleckler, P., Gregory, J., Haak, H., Hallberg, R., Hewitt, H., Holland, D., Ilyina, T., Jungclaus, J., Komuro, Y., Krasting, J., Large, W., Marsland, S., Masina, S., McDougall, T., Nurser, A., Orr, J., Pirani, A., Qiao, F., Stouffer, R., Taylor, K., Treguier, A., Tsujino, H., Uotila, P., Valdivieso, M., Wang, Q., Winton, M. & Yeager, S. (2016). OMIP contribution to CMIP6: experimental and diagnostic protocol for the physical component of the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project. Geoscientific Model Development, 9, 3231-3296. doi:10.5194/gmd-9-3231-2016 [publisher-version]
  • Milinski, S., Bader, J., Haak, H., Siongco, A. & Jungclaus, J. (2016). High atmospheric horizontal resolution eliminates the wind-driven coastal warm bias in the southeastern tropical Atlantic. Geophysical Research Letters, 43, 10,455 -10,462. doi:10.1002/2016GL070530 [publisher-version]
  • von Storch, J.-S., Haak, H., Hertwig, E. & Fast, I. (2016). Vertical heat and salt fluxes due to resolved and parameterized meso-scale eddies. Ocean Modelling, 108, 1-18. doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2016.10.001
  • Müller, W., Matei, D., Bersch, M., Jungclaus, J., Haak, H., Lohmann, K., Lompo, G., Sardeshmak, P. & Marotzke, J. (2015). A twentieth-century reanalysis forced ocean model to reconstruct the North Atlantic climate variation during the 1920s. Climate Dynamics, 44, 1935-1955. doi:10.1007/s00382-014-2267-5
  • Stössel, A., Notz, D., Haumann, F., Haak, H., Jungclaus, J. & Mikolajewicz, U. (2015). Controlling high-latitude Southern Ocean convection in climate models. Ocean Modelling, 86, 58-75. doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2014.11.008
  • Giorgetta, M., Jungclaus, J., Reick, C., Legutke, S., Bader, J., Böttinger, M., Brovkin, V., Crueger, T., Esch, M., Fieg, K., Glushak, K., Gayler, V., Haak, H., Hollweg, H.-D., Ilyina, T., Kinne, S., Kornblueh, L., Matei, D., Mauritsen, T., Mikolajewicz, U., Mueller, W., Notz, D., Pithan, F., Raddatz, T., Rast, S., Redler, R., Roeckner, E., Schmidt, H., Schnur, R., Segschneider, J., Six, K., Stockhause, M., Timmreck, C., Wegner, J., Widmann, H., Wieners, K.-H., Claussen, M., Marotzke, J. & Stevens, B. (2013). Climate and carbon cycle changes from 1850 to 2100 in MPI-ESM simulations for the coupled model intercomparison project phase 5. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 5, 572-597. doi:10.1002/jame.20038 [publisher-version]
  • Gouretski, V., Jungclaus, J. & Haak, H. (2013). Revisiting the Meteor 1925-1927 hydrographic dataset reveals centennial full-depth changes in the Atlantic Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters, 40, 2236-2241. doi:10.1002/grl.50503 [publisher-version]
  • Jungclaus, J., Fischer, N., Haak, H., Lohmann, K., Marotzke, J., Matei, D., Mikolajewicz, U., Notz, D. & von Storch, J.-S. (2013). Characteristics of the ocean simulations in MPIOM, the ocean component of the MPI Earth System Model. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 5, 422-446. doi:10.1002/jame.20023 [publisher-version]
  • Notz, D., Haumann, A., Haak, H., Jungclaus, J. & Marotzke, J. (2013). Arctic sea-ice evolution as modeled by Max Planck Institute for Meteorology's Earth system model. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 5, 173-194. doi:10.1002/jame.20016 [publisher-version]
  • Rimac, A., von Storch, J.-S., Eden, C. & Haak, H. (2013). The influence of high-resolution wind forcing on the power input to near-inertial waves in the ocean. Geophysical Research Letters, 40, 4882-4886. doi:10.1002/grl.50929 [publisher-version]
  • Matei, D., Baehr, J., Jungclaus, J., Haak, H., Mueller, W. & Marotzke, J. (2012). Response to comment on "Multiyear prediction of monthly mean Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation at 26.5ºN". Science, 338(6108), 604-d. doi:10.1126/science.1223200
  • Matei, D., Pohlmann, H., Jungclaus, J., Mueller, W., Haak, H. & Marotzke, J. (2012). Two tales of initializing decadal climate predictions experiments with the ECHAM5/MPI-OM model. Journal of Climate, 25, 8502-8523. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00633.1 [publisher-version]
  • Matei, D., Baehr, J., Jungclaus, J., Haak, H., Mueller, W. & Marotzke, J. (2012). Multiyear prediction of monthly mean Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation at 26.5 degrees N. Science, 335(6064), 76-79. doi:10.1126/science.1210299
  • Mauritsen, T., Stevens, B., Roeckner, E., Crueger, T., Esch, M., Giorgetta, M., Haak, H., Jungclaus, J., Klocke, D., Matei, D., Mikolajewicz, U., Notz, D., Pincus, R., Schmidt, H. & Tomassini, L. (2012). Tuning the climate of a global model. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 4: M00A01. doi:10.1029/2012MS000154 [publisher-version]
  • Müller, W., Baehr, J., Haak, H., Jungclaus, J., Kröger, J., Matei, D., Notz, D., Pohlmann, H., von Storch, J.-S. & Marotzke, J. (2012). Forecast skill of multi-year seasonal means in the decadal prediction system of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology. Geophysical Research Letters, 39: L22707. doi:10.1029/2012GL053326 [publisher-version]
  • Nunez-Riboni, I., Bersch, M., Haak, H., Jungclaus, J. & Lohmann, K. (2012). A multi-decadal meridional displacement of the Subpolar Front in the Newfoundland Basin. Ocean Sciences, 8, 91-102. doi:10.5194/os-8-91-2012 [publisher-version]
  • von Storch, J.-S., Eden, C., Fast, I., Haak, H., Hernández-Deckers, D., Maier-Reimer, E., Marotzke, J. & Stammer, D. (2012). An estimate of Lorenz energy cycle for the world ocean based on the 1/10º STORM/NCEP simulation. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 42, 2185-2205. doi:10.1175/JPO-D-12-079.1 [publisher-version]
  • Park, T., Jang, C., Jungclaus, J., Haak, H., Part, W. & Sang Oh, I. (2011). Effects of the Changjiang river discharge on sea surface warming in the Yellow and East China Seas in summer. Continental Shelf Research, 31, 15-22. doi:10.1016/j.csr.2010.10.012
  • Pozzer, A., Jockel, P., Kern, B. & Haak, H. (2011). The Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Model EMAC-MPIOM. Geoscientific Model Development, 4, 771-784. doi:10.5194/gmd-4-771-2011 [publisher-version][supplementary-material]
  • Jungclaus, J., Lorenz, S., Timmreck, C., Reick, C., Brovkin, V., Six, K., Segschneider, J., Giorgetta, M., Crowley, T., Pongratz, J., Krivova, N., Vieira, L., Solanki, S., Klocke, D., Botzet, M., Esch, M., Gayler, V., Haak, H., Raddatz, T., Roeckner, E., Schnur, R., Widmann, H., Claussen, M., Stevens, B. & Marotzke, J. (2010). Climate and carbon-cycle variability over the last millennium. Climate of the Past, 6, 723-737. doi:10.5194/cp-6-723-2010 [publisher-version]
  • Mueller, M., Haak, H., Jungclaus, J., Suendermann, J. & Thomas, M. (2010). The effect of ocean tides on a climate model simulation. Ocean Modelling, 35, 304-313. doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.09.001
  • Baehr, J., Cunningham, S., Haak, H., Heimbach, P., Kanzow, T. & Marotzke, J. (2009). Observed and simulated daily variability of the meridional overturning circulation at 26.5°N in the Atlantic. Ocean Science, 5, 575-589. doi:10.5194/os-5-575-2009 [publisher-version][any-fulltext]
  • Griffies, S., Biastoch, A., Boning, C., Bryan, F., Danabasoglu, G., Chassignet, E., England, M., Gerdes, R., Haak, H., Hallberg, R., Hazeleger, W., Jungclaus, J., Large, W., Madec, G., Pirani, A., Samuels, B., Scheinert, M., Sen Gupta, A., Severijns, C., Simmons, H., Trequier, A., Winton, M., Yeager, S. & Yin, J. (2009). Coordinated ocean-ice reference experiments (COREs). Ocean Modelling, 26, 1-46. doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2008.08.007
  • Lohmann, U., Haak, H. & Jungclaus, J. (2008). Estimating trends of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation source from long-term hydrographic data and model simulations. Ocean Dynamics, 58, 127-138. doi:10.1007/s10236-008-0136-7 [publisher-version]
  • von Storch, J.-S. & Haak, H. (2008). Impact of daily fluctuations on long-term predictability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Geophysical Research Letters, 35: L01609. doi:10.1029/2007GL032385 [publisher-version]
  • Baehr, J., Haak, H., Alderson, S., Cunningham, S., Jungclaus, J. & Marotzke, J. (2007). Timely detection of changes in the meridional overturning circulation at 26° N in the Atlantic. Journal of Climate, 20, 5827-5841. doi:10.1175/2007JCLI1686.1 [publisher-version]
  • Koenigk, T., Mikolajewicz, U., Haak, H. & Jungclaus, J. (2007). Arctic freshwater export and its impact on climate in the 20th and 21st. century. Journal of Geophysical Research - Biogeosciences, 112: G04S41. doi:10.1029/2006JG000274 [publisher-version]
  • De Coetlogon, G., Frankignoul, C., Bentsen, M., Delon, C., Haak, H., Masina, S. & Pardaens, A. (2006). Gulf stream variability in five oceanic general circulation models. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 36(11), 2119-2135. [publisher-version]
  • Jungclaus, J., Botzet, M., Haak, H., Keenlyside, N., Luo, J., Latif, M., Marotzke, J., Mikolajewicz, U. & Roeckner, E. (2006). Ocean circulation and tropical variability in the coupled model ECHAM5/MPI-OM. Journal of Climate, 19, 3952-3972. doi:10.1175/JCLI3827.1 [publisher-version]
  • Jungclaus, J., Haak, H., Esch, M., Roeckner, E. & Marotzke, J. (2006). Will Greenland melting halt the thermohaline circulation ?. Geophysical Research Letters, 33: L17708. doi:10.1029/2006GL026815 [publisher-version]
  • Koenigk, T., Mikolajewicz, U., Haak, H. & Jungclaus, J. (2006). Variability of Fram Strait sea ice export: causes, impacts and feedbacks in a coupled climate model. Climate Dynamics, 26, 17-34. doi:10.1007/s00382-005-0060-1
  • Jungclaus, J., Haak, H., Latif, M. & Mikolajewicz, U. (2005). Arctic-North Atlantic interactions and multidecadal variability of the meridional overturning circulation. Journal of Climate, 18(19), 4013-4031. [publisher-version]
  • Latif, M., Roeckner, E., Botzet, M., Esch, M., Haak, H., Hagemann, S., Jungclaus, J., Legutke, S., Marsland, S., Mikolajewicz, U. & Mitchell, J. (2004). Reconstructing, monitoring, and predicting multidecadal-scale changes in the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation with sea surface temperature. Journal of Climate, 17, 1605-1614. doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<1605:RMAPMC>2.0.CO;2 [publisher-version]
  • Haak, H., Jungclaus, J., Mikolajewicz, U. & Latif, M. (2003). Formation and propagation of great salinity anomalies. Geophysical Research Letters, 30(9), 26-1-26-4: 1473. doi:10.1029/2003GL017065 [publisher-version]
  • Marsland, S., Haak, H., Jungclaus, J., Latif, M. & Röske, F. (2003). The Max-Planck-Institute global ocean/sea ice model with orthogonal curvilinear coordinates. Ocean Modelling, 5(2), 91-127. doi:10.1016/S1463-5003(02)00015-X